Learn/Market structure
Market structure

How to read an order book

Learn bids, asks, spread, cumulative depth, and how a market order moves through price levels.

01

The best prices meet in the middle

The highest bid is the best displayed buying price. The lowest ask is the best displayed selling price. Their difference is the bid-ask spread.

A narrow spread can reduce immediate execution cost, but it does not guarantee deep liquidity.

02

Rows are available price levels

Each row shows a price and the quantity available there. Cumulative depth adds the size from the best price through that row.

A market order larger than the first row continues into additional levels.

03

A book is a live snapshot

Orders can be added or cancelled before your order arrives. Displayed depth is useful context, not a promise that every quoted unit will remain available.

04

Displayed size is conditional liquidity

The best bid and ask show the nearest resting interest at one instant. Depth shows additional quantities at worse prices. Orders can be added, cancelled, or executed faster than a screen refresh, so displayed quantity is evidence of current interest rather than a commitment to remain available.1

Estimate an average fill by walking the intended quantity through successive price levels. Then repeat with less depth. That stress case is more useful than comparing the whole order with only the best price.12

05

Read changes, not isolated rows

A single large order can look like support or resistance, but it may be cancelled, moved, or replenished. More useful observations include whether depth persists as price approaches, how quickly trades consume it, whether the spread widens, and whether new orders replace executed quantity.1

The book shows limit interest on one venue. It does not show hidden liquidity, activity on other venues, future market orders, or the provider’s mark-price calculation. Use it for execution planning rather than certainty about direction.1

Decision rehearsal

Check your understanding

Scenario 01

What is the spread?

Scenario 02

What happens when a market order is larger than the best price level?

Source desk

Sources and review

Source 1 / CME Group / accessed 28 July 2026How traders measure liquiditySource 2 / U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov / accessed 28 July 2026Types of ordersSource 3 / SEC Investor.gov / accessed 28 July 2026Types of orders
Revision history

Mechanics, terminology, links, and examples checked.

Initial publication.

2026-10-26

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